JUNE 11, 2026 JUSTIN D. STEWART HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-7812-5095, CORENTIN BISOT HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-4533-2458, RACHAEL I. M. CARGILL HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-5894-3728, MICHAEL E. VAN NULAND HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-3333-0212, HEIDI-JAYNE HAWKINS HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-9334-0669, LORETO OYARTE GALVEZ HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0001-7570-8431, MALIN KLEIN HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-6500-047X, MARIJE VAN SON HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0000-6755-2705, VICTORIA TERRY HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0006-6992-0480, LOUIS PARÉ HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0005-0751-9475, CLAUDIA BANCHINI, FRANCK STEFANI HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-6025-2192, FELIX KAHANE HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0003-6974-3726, KAI-KAI LIN, RENATO K. BRAGHIERE HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-7722-717X, KATIE J. FIELD HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-5196-2360, NADEJDA A. SOUDZILOVSKAIA HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-9584-2109, JINSU ELHANCE HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0009-6393-0671, VASILIS KOKKORIS HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-1667-0493, MERLIN SHELDRAKE, JAMES T. WEEDONHTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-0491-8719, THOMAS S. SHIMIZU HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-0040-7380, STUART WEST, AND E. TOBY KIERS HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0002-0597-1653 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu4373 Abstract “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with ~70% of plant species, building hyphal networks that exchange nutrients for host-derived carbon. These tubular networks move ~1 billion metric tons of carbon per year into Earth’s soils. However, … Read more